December 2008 Planner

Sun	Mon	Tue	Wed	Thu	Fri	Sat
	1 KWAP-Period End Process	2 MC	3 KWAP- Cash ledger   CSM- Submit MC	4 CSM – LPJ Prep	5 KWAP-Audit Meeting	6
7	8	9 LPJ – Travel	10 LPJ-BRS	11 LPJ-BRS	12 LPJ-BRS	13
14	15 LPJ-BRS	16 LPJ-BRS	17 LPJ-BRS	18 LPJ-IP	19 LPJ-IP	20
21	22 LPJ-IP	23 LPJ-IP	24 LPJ-IP	25 LPJ-IP	26 LPJ-IP	27
28	29 LPJ-IP	30 LPJ-IP	31 LPJ-IP

Starting – The First Step Toward Success

By John C. Maxwell

Salespersons are coached in the power of a first impression. Orators devote hours to opening statements. Journalists are admonished never to bury the lead. Sprinters practice racing out of the starting blocks. Interviewees are taught the importance of their initial handshake with a potential employer.

In leadership, as in many other areas of life, the beginning often determines the end. False starts and weak foundations can be ruinous. Here are five insights to help you start successfully.

HOW TO START SUCCESSFULLY

1. Start With Yourself

As Gandhi famously said, “Be the change you want to be in the world.” By starting with yourself, you build the self-confidence needed to attract and inspire others. Leading yourself well is a precursor to accomplishment, and accomplishment earns respect. In order to make deposits in the lives of followers, you have to have a beginning balance in your leadership account. Start leading by proving your mettle – to yourself and to prospective followers.

2. Start early

Sadly, many leaders squander their early years and spend the rest of their careers trying to make up for lost time. In leadership, as with finances, decisions made early in life accrue the most interest. When we choose poorly or establish bad habits, we put ourselves in debt. Then, we must not only repay our loans, but the interest on them as well. On the flip side, when we invest our time and talent wisely from a young age, we reap the benefits of compounding interest on our leadership.

Specifically, where should leaders start? What areas should take precedence at the beginning? From my experience there are 10 things you should do as a leader prior to reaching age 40:

1. Know yourself
2. Settle your family life
3. Determine your priorities
4. Develop your philosophy of life
5. Get physically fit
6. Learn your trade
7. Pay the price
8. Develop solid relationships
9. Prepare for the future
10. Find purpose for your life

If you’re over 40, it’s never to late to make improvements. Unfortunately, an old dog doesn’t easily learn new tricks. Undoing years of misplaced priorities and poor self-management will take extra effort.

3. Start Small

Don’t expect to understand what it takes to get to the top, just take the next step.
Think big, but start small. Doing so encourages you to get started, and keeps you from being frozen by the magnitude of the vision in front of you. When you accomplish a small step, you gain confidence that you can accomplish the next step.

The success found in starting small comes when you diligently apply the lessons you learn. As my friend, Dick Biggs, has said, “The greatest gap is between knowing and doing.” Commit to mastering the details under your control, and follow through when experience has given you instruction.

4. Start with the end in view

“Most people spend more time planning their grocery shopping than designing their future.”
~ Tom James, Personal Development Coach

To start with the end in view, you need energy and direction. Let your passion pull you forward, and let your planning give you guidance. In order for passion to be a driving force in your life, you must identify a purpose for you life. To locate your purpose, consider your strengths, interests, and past successes. What roles do you find most enjoyable? What brings you the greatest sense of satisfaction? Examine the areas that make you feel strong and angle your career toward them. Also, find people who have been successful in the area of your interest. Listen to them and watch their lives.

For planning to give you direction, you need to write down goals. Goals lend structure to your purpose, and they keep you leading “within the lines.” They focus your action and move you toward your overall vision.

5. Start Now

We exaggerate yesterday, overestimate tomorrow, and underestimate today. Embrace action daily. Don’t wait until it’s too late before you begin to pursue the visions implanted in your heart. Make each day your masterpiece; you’ll be surprised where you end up after stringing together a few months of superb days.

I’ll leave you with one final thought:

“How wonderful it is that we need not wait a single minute before starting to improve ourselves and our world.” ~ Anne Frank

Review – Five Steps to Starting Successfully

1. Start Early
2. Start with Yourself
3. Start Small
4. Start with the End in View
5. Start Now

Ucapan Selamat Hari Raya

Mentor Jutawan

Pelajari Minda, Strategi dan Teknik Kekayaan 8 Ikon Jutawan Malaysia!
Kini, ikon usahawan Jutawan, Jurulatih Jutawan, Jutawan MLM, Jutawan Senyap, Jutawan Berani Gagal dan Jutawan Internet mendedahkan strategi SEBENAR DAN SATU-SATUNYA CARA bagaimana ANDA boleh mencapai kejayaan dalam bidang kewangan dengan cepat!

Berapa banyak wang yang anda boleh perolehi sekiranya anda ketahui rahsia kelapan-lapan jutawan ini?
+Dato’ Dr Fadzilah Kamsah, mentor kepada mentor!
+Azizi Ali, Jurulatih jutawan
+Chef Li (Dato’ Dr Rusly), Jutawan Senyap
+Dato’ Dr Azman Ching (Jutawan MLM)
+Billi Lim, Jutawan Berani Gagal
+Dato’ Hussamuddin, Pengasas Karangkraf
+Abang Abu, Usahawan/Motivator/Jutawan
+Irfan Khairi, Jutawan Internet

Mentor Jutawan 2008 (baru)- klik di sini!
Sekiranya anda ingin menjadi seorang doktor pakar, anda perlu belajar di Medical School. Sekiranya anda ingin belajar perniagaan, anda perlu belajar di Business School.

Tetapi, sekiranya anda ingin menjadi jutawan, anda memerlukan mentor-mentor Jutawan!

Get your message across

The goal of corporate communications is influence. Conveying certain messages can affect employee opinion about work-related issues.  

Opinions drive performance. Without conviction, employees work without enthusiasm, performing only the work they must to stay employed. When a better offer comes along, they will not hesitate to leave.  

In the meantime, they certainly are not innovating or excelling on behalf of a company whose values and actions are inconsistent with their own beliefs.  

Getting employees to behave in a manner consistent with company goals is a driving force behind nearly all strategic communication. This can be achieved in a number of ways.  

 

Know your audience 

Communication is a two-way process. It does not comprise writing or speaking alone. Until the writing is read, the speaking heard and the message understood, there is no communication. 

To ensure that your message is understood, it is essential that you know your audience. If you are addressing your colleague from the same specialty or discipline, you can usually assume the same understanding equal to your own.  

When addressing members from other departments or specialty, it is seldom wise to assume any specialist knowledge at all – technical terms should be explained and the usage of complicated jargon reduced.  

When presenting some detailed aspects of your work to a varied audience comprising specialist colleagues and management executives from the upper echelons, identify the lowest common element of your audience – whether by ability or qualification – and pitch your work accordingly. 

 

Involve your listeners 

Audience involvement results in commitment. If the talk is sensible, sincere and not stereotyped, your audience will be more perceptive to the message that you are trying to deliver.  

One way to do this is to underline the relevance and the immediate effect your message will have on your audience.  

People are not likely to be interested in remote issues. When conveying certain changes that have been implemented, illustrate, with examples, how these relate to the environment in which your staff and colleagues work and how it will impact them.  

Good speakers can empathise with the hopes and struggles of the average members of the audience, appreciate their prudence and ruminate on details that concern them.  

To be a good communicator, you have to engage the people you are addressing. Greater involvement leads to better dialogue, which leads to a better understanding and a greater acceptance of what you are proposing.  

 

Persuade your people 

One of the most effective persuasion tools is passion. If you are passionate about your vision, it is easy for others to be swayed by your enthusiasm.  

Building excitement with an audience must begin with your own enthusiasm.  

You may have all the facts and details at your fingertips, but if you cannot package and present them with passion and conviction, you are not going to get the job done.  

Moreover, if you have anything short of total commitment and belief in what you are saying, people can see right through it.  

One of the best ways is to tell your audience why you are so excited. You can start off by completing the following sentence: I am excited to be sharing this with you because …  

If you can craft a single sentence that articulates your state of mind, it can go a long way toward rallying your supporters as well as convincing the sceptics.  

 

Keep it simple  

The fundamental principle applicable to all active communication modes is to present your message simply and clearly so that it can be readily understood.  

Refrain from dazzling graphics or lengthy reflections. The challenge is to present your basic ideas in terms that are so simple that a 10-year-old can understand what you are saying.  

Use short sentences. When you are on the verge of using a long word, stop and think. There is almost always a simpler way of saying the same thing. Remember that audience interest wanes after 10 minutes.  

Keep in mind that employees may not have time to sift through your verbal or written meanderings to get to the real issues at hand.  

 

Reiterate your points  

The spoken word is ephemeral. A repetition of the major points is therefore essential to ensure that they are understood. Ideas can be abstract until they are implemented.  

If you don’t think your audience had assimilated your message, walk them through some implementation scenarios before you leave the room.  

 

Source: Straits Times/Asia News Network  (Mr. Parem’s email)

Article by Nicholas Goh, managing director of Verztec Consulting, a multilingual communications service provider.

 

Treat customers like kings

TODAY’S consumers are very informed as shoppers and buyers. It reflects in their demand for a wider range of products, including no-nonsense top-rated service experiences, leaving gaps most vendors can rarely fill. 

Recently, the managing director of a brewing company was quoted as saying: “We have seen a dramatic shift from relationship selling to partnership and solution selling. 

“Today, we have to be very knowledgeable in our industry. We must understand our clients’ business and give them our best organisational resources.” 

Confirming relationships as the foundation of maintaining a competitive edge in their business, he added that “to compete in service, price and in solving our clients’ challenges, we will need to add value in every area of the relationship in addition to our products and services doing their part”. 

 

Make them feel great 

 

McDonald’s built an early reputation and brand name by providing burgers in a quick turnaround time to the masses in Southern California . 

By the late 1960s, McDonald’s had expanded across the United States and had opened its first international outlet in Vancouver , Canada . 

McDonald’s supported its early business and growth model with average food, simple menu choices and an enthusiastic service culture combined with clean toilets, good operating hours and free parking. 

Parents, aunts, uncles and weekend coaches of kids’ sporting teams would give McDonald’s the quick nod when hunger pangs started. 

Today, McDonald’s consumers are more demanding. 

Competition from every type of fast or sit-down food company has seen the fast food chain extend operating hours to 24 hours and adding a new variety of food and meal choices. 

 

First-class love affair 

 

Similarly, top-rated airlines make it easy to fall in love with their in-flight experience from check-in to getting off the plane. 

Singapore Airlines, Emirates, Qantas and British Airways are not known for discounting first-class seats. 

Bookings are confirmed weeks ahead on international routes with American Express and Visa Gold cardmembers, ensuring their loyalty to card companies when business class seats are offered at two-for-one specials to cardholders. 

The airlines realise that first-class paying clients expect full benefits with their flying experience. 

 

Relationships count 

 

Trust built up over time is often the result of paying attention to customers’ true needs and then exceeding their expectations. 

When clients understand that their needs come first, it is nearly a 100 per cent certainty that they will help you in meeting your needs. 

Personal and high-end business relationships thrive in an environment of trust and connection. 

When clients trust you and your business, you can rest assured that referrals will be knocking at your door.  

 

Source: Straits Times/Asia News Network  (Mr Parem’s email)

Article by Rob Salisbury, a corporate trainer and conference speaker based in Sydney and Singapore .

 

Standard Accounting System for Government Agencies (SAGA)

With effect from 1st April 2004, JANM has officially taking over from MAMPU as the leading agency heading the implementation of the SAGA expansion project.

Objective

To make available the facilities for the maintenance of a complete and timely set of account

• Enable daily closing of account

To provide avenue to further enhance accounting and financial management

• To prepare pre-audit financial reports as per the agreed timeline

Project Status

There are 11 agencies fully utilizing the SAGA system under SAGA Expansion Project Phase 1. Beginning 2007, the Phase 2 Expansion project has short listed to 12 agencies to implement SAGA.

 

SAGA Process Flow Chart

 

 

 

 source :  http://www.anm.gov.my/public_html/eng/default/sysacc03.php 

CSM : We Have Move

Ready to move !

Ready to move ! This is the view of CSM new office…. welcome to Dataran Tiga Dua.

 

 

 

Century Software at google search. (click here)

 

 

 

click picture to enlarge the map

 

 

Block C-17-07,Dataran 32

2, Jalan 19/1, 46300 Petaling Jaya,

Selangor Darul Ehsan

Brief overview of Unix / Linux commands

Below is a listing of each of the Unix / Linux commands currently listed on Computer Hope and a brief explanation of what each of the commands do. This is a full listing which means not all the below commands will work with your distribution and may also not work because of your privileges. Clicking on any of the commands will display additional help and information about that command.

Command	Description
a2p	Creates a Perl script from an awk script.
ac	Prints statistics about users’ connect time.
alias	Create a name for another command or long command string.
ar	Maintain portable archive or library.
arch	Display the architecture of the current host.
arp	Manipulate the system ARP cache.
as	An assembler.
at	Command scheduler.
awk	Awk script processing program.
basename	Deletes any specified prefix from a string.
bash	Command Bourne interpreter
bc	Calculator.
bdiff	Compare large files.
bfs	Editor for large files.
bg	Continues a program running in the background.
biff	Enable / disable incoming mail notifications.
break	Break out of while, for, foreach, or until loop.
bs	Battleship game.
bye	Alias often used for the exit command.
cal	Calendar
calendar	Display appointments and reminders.
cancel	Cancels a print job.
cat	View and/or modify a file.
cc	C compiler.
cd	Change directory.
chdir	Change directory.
checkeq	Language processors to assist in describing equations.
checknr	Check nroff and troff files for any errors.
chfn	Modify your own information or if super user or root modify another users information.
chgrp	Change a groups access to a file or directory.
chkey	Change the secure RPC key pair.
chmod	Change the permission of a file.
chown	Change the ownership of a file.
chsh	Change login shell.
cksum	Display and calculate a CRC for files.
clear	Clears screen.
cls	Alias often used to clear a screen.
cmp	Compare files.
col	Reverse line-feeds filter.
comm	Compare files and select or reject lines that are common.
compress	Compress files on a computer.
continue	Break out of while, for, foreach, or until loop.
copy	Copy files.
cp	Copy files.
cpio	Creates archived CPIO files.
crontab	Create and list files that you wish to run on a regular schedule.
csh	Execute the C shell command interpreter
csplit	Split files based on context.
ctags	Create a tag file for use with ex and vi.
cu	Calls or connects to another Unix system, terminal or non-Unix system.
curl	Transfer a URL.
cut	Cut out selected fields of each line of a file.
date	Tells you the date and time in Unix.
dc	An arbitrary precision arithmetic package.
df	Display the available disk space for each mount.
deroff	Removes nroff/troff, tbl, and eqn constructs.
dhclient	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client.
diff	Displays two files and prints the lines that are different.
dig	DNS lookup utility.
dircmp	Lists the different files when comparing directories.
dirname	Deliver portions of path names.
dmesg	Print or control the kernel ring buffer.
dos2unix	Converts text files between DOS and Unix formats.
dpost	Translates files created by troff into PostScript.
du	Tells you how much space a file occupies.
echo	Displays text after echo to the terminal.
ed	Line oriented file editor.
edit	Text editor.
egrep	Search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions.
elm	Program command used to send and receive e-mail.
emacs	Text editor.
enable	Enables / Disables LP printers.
env	Displays environment variables.
eqn	Language processors to assist in describing equations.
ex	Line-editor mode of the vi text editor.
exit	Exit from a program, shell or log you out of a Unix network.
expand	Expand copies of file s.
expr	Evaluate arguments as an expression.
fc	The FC utility lists or edits and re-executes, commands previously entered to an interactive sh.
fg	Continues a stopped job by running it in the foreground
fgrep	Search a file for a fixed-character string.
file	Tells you if the object you are looking at is a file or if it is a directory.
find	Finds one or more files assuming that you know their approximate filenames.
findsmb	List info about machines that respond to SMB name queries on a subnet.
finger	Lists information about the user.
fmt	Simple text formatters.
fold	Filter for folding lines.
for	Shell built-in functions to repeatedly execute action(s) for a selected number of times.
foreach	Shell built-in functions to repeatedly execute action(s) for a selected number of times.
fromdos	Converts text files between DOS and Unix formats.
fsck	Check and repair a Linux file system.
ftp	Enables ftp access to another terminal.
getfacl	Display discretionary file information.
gprof	The gprof utility produces an execution profile of a program.
grep	Finds text within a file.
groupadd	Creates a new group account.
groupdel	Enables a super user or root to remove a group.
groupmod	Enables a super user or root to modify a group.
gunzip	Expand compressed files.
gview	A programmers text editor.
gvim	A programmers text editor.
gzip	Compress files.
halt	Stop the computer.
hash	Remove internal hash table.
hashstat	Display the hash stats.
head	Displays the first ten lines of a file, unless otherwise stated.
help	If computer has online help documentation installed this command will display it.
history	Display the history of commands typed.
host	DNS lookup utility.
hostid	Prints the numeric identifier for the current host.
hostname	Set or print name of current host system.
id	Shows you the numeric user and group ID on BSD.
ifconfig	Sets up network interfaces.
ifdown	take a network interface down
ifup	bring a network interface up
isalist	Display the native instruction sets executable on this platform.
jobs	List the jobs currently running in the background.
join	Joins command forms together.
keylogin	Decrypt the user’s secret key.
kill	Cancels a job.
ksh	Korn shell command interpreter.
ld	Link-editor for object files.
ldd	List dynamic dependencies of executable files or shared objects.
less	Opposite of the more command.
lex	Generate programs for lexical tasks.
link	Calls the link function to create a link to a file.
ln	Creates a link to a file.
lo	Allows you to exit from a program, shell or log you out of a Unix network.
locate	List files in databases that match a pattern.
login	Signs into a new system.
logname	Returns users login name.
logout	Logs out of a system.
lp	Prints a file on System V systems.
lpadmin	Configure the LP print service.
lpc	Line printer control program.
lpq	Lists the status of all the available printers.
lpr	Submits print requests.
lprm	Removes print requests from the print queue.
lpstat	Lists status of the LP print services.
ls	Lists the contents of a directory.
mach	Display the processor type of the current host.
mail	One of the ways that allows you to read/send E-Mail.
mailcompat	Provide SunOS 4.x compatibility for the Solaris mailbox format.
mailx	Mail interactive message processing system.
make	Executes a list of shell commands associated with each target.
man	Display a manual of a command.
mesg	Control if non-root users can send text messages to you.
mii-tool	View, manipulate media-independent interface status.
mkdir	Create a directory.
mkfs	Build a Linux file system, usually a hard disk partition.
more	Displays text one screen at a time.
mount	Disconnects a file systems and remote resources.
mt	Magnetic tape control.
mv	Renames a file or moves it from one directory to another directory.
nc	TCP/IP swiss army knife.
neqn	Language processors to assist in describing equations.
netstat	Shows network status.
newalias	Install new elm aliases for user and/or system.
newform	Change the format of a text file.
newgrp	Log into a new group.
nice	Invokes a command with an altered scheduling priority.
niscat	Display NIS+ tables and objects.
nischmod	Change access rights on a NIS+ object.
nischown	Change the owner of a NIS+ object.
nischttl	Change the time to live value of a NIS+ object.
nisdefaults	Display NIS+ default values.
nisgrep	Utilities for searching NIS+ tables.
nismatch	Utilities for searching NIS+ tables.
nispasswd	Change NIS+ password information.
nistbladm	NIS+ table administration command.
nmap	Network exploration tool and security / port scanner.
nohup	Runs a command even if the session is disconnected or the user logs out.
nroff	Formats documents for display or line-printer.
nslookup	Queries a name server for a host or domain lookup.
on	Execute a command on a remote system, but with the local environment.
onintr	Shell built-in functions to respond to (hardware) signals.
optisa	Determine which variant instruction set is optimal to use.
pack	Shrinks file into a compressed file.
pagesize	Display the size of a page of memory in bytes, as returned by getpagesize.
passwd	Allows you to change your password.
paste	Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files.
pax	Read / write and writes lists of the members of archive files and copy directory hierarchies.
pcat	Compresses file.
perl	Perl is a programming language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files.
pg	Files perusal filters for CRTs.
pgrep	Examine the active processes on the system and reports the process IDs of the processes
pico	Simple and very easy to use text editor in the style of the Pine Composer.
pine	Command line program for Internet News and Email.
ping	Sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
pkill	Examine the active processes on the system and reports the process IDs of the processes
poweroff	Stop the computer.
pr	Formats a file to make it look better when printed.
priocntl	Display’s or set scheduling parameters of specified process(es)
printf	Write formatted output.
ps	Reports the process status.
pvs	Display the internal version information of dynamic objects within an ELF file.
pwd	Print the current working directory.
quit	Allows you to exit from a program, shell or log you out of a Unix network.
rcp	Copies files from one computer to another computer.
reboot	Stop the computer.
red	Line oriented file editor.
rehash	Recomputes the internal hash table of the contents of directories listed in the path.
remsh	Runs a command on another computer.
repeat	Shell built-in functions to repeatedly execute action(s) for a selected number of times.
rgview	A programmers text editor.
rgvim	A programmers text editor.
rlogin	Establish a remote connection from your terminal to a remote machine.
rm	Deletes a file without confirmation (by default).
rmail	One of the ways that allows you to read/send E-Mail.
rmdir	Deletes a directory.
rn	Reads newsgroups.
route	Show / manipulate the IP routing table.
rpcinfo	Report RPC information.
rsh	Runs a command on another computer.
rsync	Faster, flexible replacement for rcp.
rview	A programmers text editor.
rvim	A programmers text editor.
s2p	Convert a sed script into a Perl script.
sag	Graphically displays the system activity data stored in a binary data file by a previous sar run.
sar	Displays the activity for the CPU.
script	Records everything printed on your screen.
sdiff	Compares two files, side-by-side.
sed	Allows you to use pre-recorded commands to make changes to text.
sendmail	Sends mail over the Internet.
set	Set the value of an environment variable.
setenv	Set the value of an environment variable.
setfacl	Modify the Access Control List (ACL) for a file or files.
settime	Change file access and modification time.
sftp	Secure file transfer program.
sh	Runs or processes jobs through the Bourne shell.
shred	Delete a file securely, first overwriting it to hide its contents.
shutdown	Turn off the computer immediately or at a specified time.
sleep	Waits a x amount of seconds.
slogin	OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program).
smbclient	An ftp-like client to access SMB/CIFS resources on servers.
sort	Sorts the lines in a text file.
spell	Looks through a text file and reports any words that it finds in the text file that are not in the dictionary.
split	Split a file into pieces.
stat	Display file or filesystem status.
stop	Control process execution.
strip	Discard symbols from object files.
stty	Sets options for your terminal.
su	Become super user or another user.
sysinfo	Get and set system information strings.
sysklogd	Linux system logging utilities.
tabs	Set tabs on a terminal.
tail	Delivers the last part of the file.
talk	Talk with other logged in users.
tac	Concatenate and print files in reverse.
tar	Create tape archives and add or extract files.
tbl	Preprocessor for formatting tables for nroff or troff.
tcopy	Copy a magnetic tape.
tcpdump	Dump traffic on a network.
tee	Read from an input and write to a standard output or file.
telnet	Uses the telnet protocol to connect to another remote computer.
time	Used to time a simple command.
timex	The timex command times a command; reports process data and system activity.
todos	Converts text files between DOS and Unix formats.
top	Display Linux tasks.
touch	Change file access and modification time.
tput	Initialize a terminal or query terminfo database.
tr	Translate characters.
traceroute	Print the route packets take to network host.
troff	Typeset or format documents.
ul	Reads the named filenames or terminal and does underlining.
umask	Get or set the file mode creation mask.
unalias	Remove an alias.
unhash	Remove internal hash table.
uname	Print name of current system.
uncompress	Uncompressed compressed files.
uniq	Report or filter out repeated lines in a file.
unmount	Crates a file systems and remote resources.
unpack	Expands a compressed file.
untar	Create tape archives and add or extract files.
until	Execute a set of actions while/until conditions are evaluated TRUE.
useradd	Create a new user or updates default new user information.
userdel	Remove a users account.
usermod	Modify a users account.
vacation	Reply to mail automatically.
vedit	Screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex.
vgrind	Grind nice program listings
vi	Screen-oriented (visual) display editor based on ex.
vim	A programmers text editor.
view	A programmers text editor.
w	Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
wait	Await process completion.
wc	Displays a count of lines, words, and characters in a file
whereis	Locate a binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
while	Repetitively execute a set of actions while/until conditions are evaluated TRUE.
which	Locate a command.
who	Displays who is on the system.
whois	Internet user name directory service.
write	Send a message to another user.
X	Execute the X windows system.
xfd	Display all the characters in an X font.
xlsfonts	Server font list displayer for X.
xset	User preference utility for X.
xterm	Terminal emulator for X.
xrdb	X server resource database utility.
yacc	Short for yet another compiler-compiler, yacc is a compiler.
yes	Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or ‘y’.
yppasswd	Changes network password in the NIS database.
zcat	Compress files.

http://www.computerhope.com/unix/overview.htm